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A Functional Study of Transforming Growth Factor-Beta from the Gonad of Pacific Oyster Crassostrea gigas ArchiMer
Corporeau, Charlotte; Groisillier, Agnes; Jeudy, Alexandra; Barbeyron, Tristan; Fleury, Elodie; Fabioux, Caroline; Czjzek, Mirjam; Huvet, Arnaud.
The transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta superfamily is a group of important growth factors involved in multiple processes such as differentiation, cell proliferation, apoptosis and cellular growth. In the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas, the oyster gonadal (og) TGF-beta gene was recently characterized through genome-wide expression profiling of oyster lines selected to be resistant or susceptible to summer mortality. Og TGF-beta appeared specifically expressed in the gonad to reach a maximum when gonads are fully mature, which singularly contrasts with the pleiotropic roles commonly ascribed to most TGF-beta family members. The function of og TGF-beta protein in oysters is unknown, and defining its role remains challenging. In this study, we develop a...
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Transforming growth factor-beta; Bacterial expression; In vivo antibody inhibition; Reproduction; Crassostrea gigas; Marine bivalve.
Ano: 2011 URL: http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15371/13438.pdf
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Assessment of oocyte and trochophore quality in Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas ArchiMer
Boulais, Myrina; Corporeau, Charlotte; Huvet, Arnaud; Bernard, Ismael; Quere, Claudie; Quillien, Virgile; Fabioux, Caroline; Suquet, Marc.
Pacific oyster hatchery production remains highly variable, partially due to inconsistent gamete quality. However, little attention has been paid to oocyte quality in Pacific oyster compared to important vertebrate aquaculture species such as fishes. The aims of the present study were to identify criteria of oocyte and trochophore quality used as predictive tools for embryo developmental success at the D-larval stage. Twenty-six potential proxies of oocyte and trochophore quality were studied on 25 mature females, as determined using histology. Some morphological and biochemical characteristics of mature oocytes were described. Protein appeared to be the main constituent of fully mature Pacific oyster oocytes. Neutral lipids accounted for 61% of the total...
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Crassostrea gigas; Oocyte quality; Trochophore; Lipid; Gene expression; ATP.
Ano: 2015 URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00239/35010/33544.pdf
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Biological rhythms in the deep-sea hydrothermal mussel Bathymodiolus azoricus ArchiMer
Mat, Audrey; Sarrazin, Jozee; Markov, Gabriel V.; Apremont, Vincent; Dubreuil, Christine; Eché, Camille; Fabioux, Caroline; Klopp, Christophe; Sarradin, Pierre-marie; Tanguy, Arnaud; Huvet, Arnaud; Matabos, Marjolaine.
Biological rhythms are a fundamental property of life. The deep ocean covers 66% of our planet surface and is one of the largest biomes. The deep sea has long been considered as an arrhythmic environment because sunlight is totally absent below 1,000 m depth. In the present study, we have sequenced the temporal transcriptomes of a deep-sea species, the ecosystem-structuring vent mussel Bathymodiolus azoricus. We reveal that tidal cycles predominate in the transcriptome and physiology of mussels fixed directly at hydrothermal vents at 1,688 m depth at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, whereas daily cycles prevail in mussels sampled after laboratory acclimation. We identify B. azoricus canonical circadian clock genes, and show that oscillations observed in deep-sea...
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Ano: 2020 URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00640/75236/75385.pdf
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Characterization of a gonad-specific transforming growth factor-beta superfamily member differentially expressed during the reproductive cycle of the oyster Crassostrea gigas ArchiMer
Fleury, Elodie; Fabioux, Caroline; Lelong, C; Favrel, P; Huvet, Arnaud.
Through differential screening between oyster families selected for high and low summer survival, we have characterized a new transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily member. This novel factor, named oyster-gonadal-TGF beta-like (og-TGF beta-like), is synthesized as a 307 amino acid precursor and displays 6 of the 7 characteristic cysteine residues of the C-terminal, mature peptide. Sequence comparison revealed that og-TGF beta-like has a low percentage of identity with other known TGF-beta superfamily members, suggesting that og-TGF beta-like is a derived member of this large superfamily. Real-time PCR (RT-PCR) analysis in different oyster tissues showed that og-TGF beta-like is specifically expressed in both male and female gonads, at...
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Reproduction; Oyster; Gene expression; Transforming growth factor; Bivalve mollusc.
Ano: 2008 URL: http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2008/publication-3899.pdf
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Characterization of a gonad-specific transforming growth factor-β superfamily member differentially expressed during the reproductive cycle of the oyster Crassostrea gigas ArchiMer
Fleury, Elodie; Fabioux, Caroline; Lelong, Christophe; Favrel, Pascal; Huvet, Arnaud.
To study the complex and non identified host causes of summer mortality in C. gigas, divergent selection criteria based upon summer survival have been applied to produce resistant (R) and susceptible (S) oysterfamilies(Samain et al., 2007). A previous analysis by suppression-subtractive hybridization has characterized 46 differentially-expressedcDNAsbetween R and S families(Huvet et al., 2004). The present study reports the screening, using nylon array, of the 46 oyster SSHcDNAsfrom R and S selected families. Among the few differentially expressed genes characterized between R and S samples, one encodes a Transforming-Growth-Factor-β-related (TGFβ) protein. Members of the TGFβsuperfamily are critical growth factors regulating a variety ofimportant...
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Ano: 2007 URL: http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00083/19425/17036.pdf
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Constraints and Priorities for Conducting Experimental Exposures of Marine Organisms to Microplastics ArchiMer
Paul-pont, Ika; Tallec, Kevin; Gonzalez-fernandez, Carmen; Lambert, Christophe; Vincent, Dorothee; Mazurais, David; Zambonino-infante, Jose-luis; Brotons, Guillaume; Lagarde, Fabienne; Fabioux, Caroline; Soudant, Philippe; Huvet, Arnaud.
Marine plastic pollution is a major environmental issue. Given their ubiquitous nature and small dimensions, ingestion of microplastic (MP) and nanoplastic (NP) particles and their subsequent impact on marine life are a growing concern worldwide. Transfers along the trophic chain, including possible translocation, for which the hazards are less understood, are also a major preoccupation. Effects of MP ingestion have been studied on animals through laboratory exposure, showing impacts on feeding activity, reserve depletion and inflammatory responses, with consequences for fitness, notably reproduction. However, most experimental studies have used doses of manufactured virgin microspheres that may not be environmentally realistic. As for most...
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Microplastics; Nanoplastics; Experimental exposure; Impacts; Marine organisms; Physiology.
Ano: 2018 URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00449/56088/57621.pdf
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Différenciation génétique et hybridation entre les populations naturelles d'huîtres creuses Crassostrea gigas et Crassostrea angulata ArchiMer
Fabioux, Caroline.
Les deux sous-espèces d'huîtres creuses Crassostrea gigas et Crassostrea angulata originaires d'Asie, sont aujourd'hui présentes en Europe. A la suite de l'observation d'hybridation entre les deux taxons en milieu contrôlé, nous nous sommes demandés s'il existait des phénomènes d'hybridation dans la nature et quels étaient les flux géniques entre les populations des deux taxons. Neuf populations ont été échantillonnées le long des côtes atlantiques de la France, de l'Espagne et du Portugal. La classification des individus dans le taxon C. gigas ou C. angulata peut être déterminée par leur haplotype au locus mitochondrial de la Cytochrome Oxydase I, analysé par la technique de PCR-RFLP. En France et en Espagne, le taxon C. gigas représente plus de 99,9% des...
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Crassostrea gigas; Crassostrea angulata; Hybridation; Différenciation; Marqueurs moléculaires.
Ano: 2000 URL: http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00032/14363/11652.pdf
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Disruption of amylase genes by RNA interference affects reproduction in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas ArchiMer
Huvet, Arnaud; Beguel, Jean-philippe; Pereira Cavaleiro, Nathalia; Thomas, Yoann; Quillien, Virgile; Boudry, Pierre; Alunno-bruscia, Marianne; Fabioux, Caroline.
Feeding strategies and digestive capacities can have important implications for variation in energetic pathways associated with ecological and economically important traits, such as growth or reproduction in bivalve species. Here, we investigated the role of amylase in the digestive processes of Crassostrea gigas, using in vivo RNA interference. This approach also allowed us to investigate the relationship between energy intake by feeding and gametogenesis in oysters. Double-stranded (ds)RNA designed to target the two α-amylase genes A and B was injected in vivo into the visceral mass of oysters at two doses. These treatments caused significant reductions in mean mRNA levels of the amylase genes: −50.7% and −59% mRNA A, and −71.9% and −70.6% mRNA B in 15...
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Alpha-Amylase; DsRNA; Gametogenesis; Marine bivalve; Dynamic energy budget.
Ano: 2015 URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00271/38239/36422.pdf
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Etude transcriptomique, génétique et fonctionnelle de la gamétogenèse chez l'huître creuse Crassostrea gigas ArchiMer
Bigot, L.; Dubos, M. P.; Dheilly, N.; Favrel, P.; Kellner, K.; Lelong, C.; Martinez, A. S.; Riviere, G.; Santerre, C.; Sourdaine, P.; Degremont, Lionel; Flahauw, Emilie; Hatt, Philippe-jacques; Heurtebise, Serge; Lapegue, Sylvie; Azzouzi, N.; Galibert, F.; Boudry, Pierre; Corporeau, Charlotte; Fabioux, Caroline; Guevelou, Eric; Huvet, Arnaud; Sussarellu, Rossana.
Le projet GAMETOGENES vise à améliorer les connaissances des bases physiologiques et génétiques de la reproduction et des métabolismes associés chez un mollusque d'importance économique l'huître creuse, Crassostrea gigas. Il a pour objectifs (1) la définition de marqueurs clés de la gamétogenèse, de l'investissement reproducteur et du déterminisme du sexe chez une espèce hermaphrodite à protandrie irrégulière (2) la recherche de QTL de survie aux mortalités estivales ou à l'effort de reproduction dont le succès repose sur l'augmentation de la densité de marqueurs sur les cartes génétiques existantes (SNP en particulier) et sur les liens qui pourront être établis entre ces cartes de liaison et une carte physique (3) le développement d'outils pour valider la...
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Génétique; Huître creuse; Crassostrea gigas; Gamétogenèse; QTL; Marqueur; Physiologie.
Ano: 2012 URL: http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00107/21781/19355.pdf
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Evidence for natural hybrtidisation between the two oyster sub-species Crassostrea gigas and Crassostrea angulata in Southern Europe ArchiMer
Boudry, Pierre; Huvet, Arnaud; Fabioux, Caroline; Lapegue, Sylvie.
Crassostrea angulata and Crassostrea gigas, two cupped oyster taxa of Asian origin (O'Foighil et al, 1998), were successively introduced into Europe during the XVIth and the XXth century respectively (Héral and Grizel, 1991). To date, populations presumed to be C. angulata remain only in the south of Spain and Portugal, while the geographic range of C. gigas is expending, notably due to aquaculture. The two taxa can be distinguished by RFLP analysis of the mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxydase I locus (COI). This marker revealed strong genetic differentiation between Asian populations of the two taxa (Boudry et al., 1998). In contrast, nuclear markers showed a much lower genetic differentiation (Huvet et al, in press). The absence of any reproductive barrier...
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Microsatellite; Genetic; Crassostrea angulata; Crassostrea gigas; Oysters.
Ano: 2001 URL: http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2001/acte-3453.pdf
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Exposure of marine mussels Mytilus spp. to polystyrene microplastics: Toxicity and influence on fluoranthene bioaccumulation ArchiMer
Paul-pont, Ika; Lacroix, Camille; Gonzalez Fernandez, Carmen; Hegaret, Helene; Lambert, Christophe; Le Goic, Nelly; Frere, Laura; Cassone, Anne-laure; Sussarellu, Rossana; Fabioux, Caroline; Guyomarch, Julien; Albentosa, Marina; Huvet, Arnaud; Soudant, Philippe.
The effects of polystyrene microbeads (micro-PS; mix of 2 and 6 μm; final concentration: 32 μg L−1) alone or in combination with fluoranthene (30 μg L−1) on marine mussels Mytilus spp. were investigated after 7 days of exposure and 7 days of depuration under controlled laboratory conditions. Overall, fluoranthene was mostly associated to algae Chaetoceros muelleri (partition coefficient Log Kp = 4.8) used as a food source for mussels during the experiment. When micro-PS were added in the system, a fraction of FLU transferred from the algae to the microbeads as suggested by the higher partition coefficient of micro-PS (Log Kp = 6.6), which confirmed a high affinity of fluoranthene for polystyrene microparticles. However, this did not lead to a modification...
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Microplastics; Fluoranthene; Mussel; Depuration; Oxidative system.
Ano: 2016 URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00344/45502/45848.pdf
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Exposure to the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella modulates juvenile oyster Crassostrea gigas hemocyte variables subjected to different biotic conditions ArchiMer
Lassudrie, Malwenn; Soudant, Philippe; Nicolas, Jean-louis; Miner, Philippe; Le Grand, Jacqueline; Lambert, Christophe; Le Goic, Nelly; Hegaret, Helene; Fabioux, Caroline.
The Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas is an important commercial species cultured throughout the world. Oyster production practices often include transfers of animals into new environments that can be stressful, especially at young ages. This study was undertaken to determine if a toxic Alexandrium bloom, occurring repeatedly in French oyster beds, could modulate juvenile oyster cellular immune responses (i.e. hemocyte variables). We simulated planting on commercial beds by conducting a cohabitation exposure of juvenile, “specific pathogen-free” (SPF) oysters (naïve from the environment) with previously field-exposed oysters to induce interactions with new microorganisms. Indeed, toxic Alexandrium spp. exposures have been reported to modulate bivalve...
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Crassostrea gigas; Alexandrium; Harmful algal blooms; Hemocyte; Microbial challenge.
Ano: 2016 URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00314/42523/41894.pdf
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Exposure to toxic Alexandrium minutum activates the detoxifying and antioxidant systems in gills of the oyster Crassostrea gigas ArchiMer
Fabioux, Caroline; Sulistiyani, Yeni; Haberkorn, Hansy; Hegaret, Helene; Amzil, Zouher; Soudant, Philippe.
Harmful algal blooms of Alexandrium spp. dinoflagellates regularly occur in French coastal waters contaminating shellfish. Studies have demonstrated that toxic Alexandrium spp. disrupt behavioural and physiological processes in marine filter-feeders, but molecular modifications triggered by phycotoxins are less well understood. This study analyzed the mRNA levels of 7 genes encoding antioxidant/detoxifying enzymes in gills of Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) exposed to a cultured, toxic strain of A. minutum, a producer of paralytic shellfish toxins (PST) or fed Tisochrysis lutea (T. lutea, formerly Isochrysis sp., clone Tahitian (T. iso)), a non-toxic control diet, in four repeated experiments. Transcript levels of sigma-class glutathione S-transferase...
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Crassostrea gigas; Alexandrium minutum; Paralytic shellfish toxins; Antioxidant enzymes; Detoxification enzymes; MRNA.
Ano: 2015 URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00275/38601/38623.pdf
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Flow cytometric assessment of morphology, viability, and production of reactive oxygen species of Crassostrea gigas oocytes. Application to Toxic dinoflagellate (Alexandrium minutum) exposure ArchiMer
Le Goic, Nelly; Hegaret, Helene; Boulais, Myrina; Beguel, Jean-philippe; Lambert, Christophe; Fabioux, Caroline; Soudant, Philippe.
The Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas accounts for a large part of shellfish aquaculture production worldwide. Aspects of morphological and functional characteristics of oyster oocytes remain poorly documented, and traditional techniques, such as microscopic observations of shape or fertilization rate, are time and space consuming. The purpose of this study was to assess for the first time viability and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production of Pacific oyster oocytes using flow cytometry (FCM) and to apply this method to determine oocyte responses to in vitro exposure to the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum. A culture of A. minutum caused a significant increase in oocyte ROS production, which gradually increased with the age of the culture, but...
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Pacific oyster; Gamete quality; ROS production; Viability; Flow cytometry; Ecotoxicology.
Ano: 2014 URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00216/32760/31321.pdf
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Generation and analysis of a 29,745 unique Expressed Sequence Tags from the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) assembled into a publicly accessible database: the GigasDatabase ArchiMer
Fleury, Elodie; Huvet, Arnaud; Lelong, Christophe; De Lorgeril, Julien; Boulo, Viviane; Gueguen, Yannick; Bachere, Evelyne; Tanguy, Arnaud; Moraga, Dario; Fabioux, Caroline; Lindeque, Penelope; Shaw, Jenny; Reinhardt, Richard; Prunet, Patrick; Davey, Grace; Lapegue, Sylvie; Sauvage, Christopher; Corporeau, Charlotte; Moal, Jeanne; Gavory, Frederick; Wincker, Patrick; Moreews, Francois; Klopp, Christophe; Mathieu, Michel; Boudry, Pierre; Favrel, Pascal.
Background: Although bivalves are among the most-studied marine organisms because of their ecological role and economic importance, very little information is available on the genome sequences of oyster species. This report documents three large-scale cDNA sequencing projects for the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas initiated to provide a large number of expressed sequence tags that were subsequently compiled in a publicly accessible database. This resource allowed for the identification of a large number of transcripts and provides valuable information for ongoing investigations of tissue-specific and stimulus-dependant gene expression patterns. These data are crucial for constructing comprehensive DNA microarrays, identifying single nucleotide...
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Ano: 2009 URL: http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2009/publication-6770.pdf
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Hybridation naturelle entre les deux sous-espèces d'huîtres creuses Crassostrea gigas et Crassostrea angulata au sud de l'Europe ArchiMer
Huvet, Arnaud; Fabioux, Caroline; Lapegue, Sylvie; Boudry, Pierre.
Crassostrea angulata and Crassostrea gigas, two cupped oysters of Asian origin (O'Foighil et al, 1998), have been introduced successively in Europe during the XVlth and the XXth century (Grizel et Héral, 1991). The present populations of C. angulata appear to be limited to the south of Spain and Portugal, whereas the distribution of C. gigas in Europe is rising because of the development of oyster farming. The distinction between the two subspecies in based on a RFLP marker of the mitochondrial genome (COI) which shows a strong genetic differentiation between the two subspecies populations (Boudry et al., 1998). On the contrary, the nuclear markers (microsatellites) showed a smaller genetic differentiation between them (Huvet et al, under press). The...
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Microsatellite; Hybridation; Crassostrea angulata; Crassostrea gigas; Huîtres; Génétique.
Ano: 2001 URL: http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2001/acte-3282.pdf
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Impact of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella on Pacific oyster reproductive output: application of flow cytometry assays on spermatozoa ArchiMer
Le Goic, Nelly; Hegaret, Helene; Fabioux, Caroline; Miner, Philippe; Suquet, Marc; Lambert, Christophe; Soudant, Philippe.
The toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella recurrently blooms on the coasts of France and produces Paralytic Shellfish Toxins (PSTs) that accumulate in bivalves. These toxins can affect various physiological functions including reproduction. The present study aims to validate measurements of sperm viability, DNA content and mitochondrial membrane potential in Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas using flow cytometry coupled with fluorescent markers, and to use these measurements to assess the cellular parameters of sperm from Pacific oysters exposed to A. catenella. These parameters may influence fertilization, embryogenesis and larval development in free-spawning shellfish. Sperm viability and DNA content estimation were assessed using SYBR-14, which only...
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Harmful algal bloom; Sperm quality; Cellular parameters; Flow cytometry; Pacific oyster; Crassostrea gigas; Alexandrium catenella.
Ano: 2013 URL: http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00157/26853/24982.pdf
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In vivo RNA interference in oyster -vasa silencing inhibits germ cell development ArchiMer
Fabioux, Caroline; Corporeau, Charlotte; Quillien, Virgile; Favrel, Pascal; Huvet, Arnaud.
This study investigated the potential of RNA interference, which is technically challenging in bivalve mollusc species, to assess gene function in the oyster Crassostrea gigas. We designed dsRNA targeting the oyster vasa-like gene (Oyvlg), specifically expressed in oyster germ cells. In vivo injection of oyvl-dsRNA into the gonad provokes a knockdown phenotype corresponding to germ cell underproliferation and prematurely arrested meiosis througout the organ. The most severe phenotype observed is sterile. This knockdown phenotype is associated with a decrease in Oyvlg mRNA level of between 39% and 87%, and a strong reduction in OYVLG protein, to an undetectable level. Therefore, Oyvlg appears to be essential for germ cell development in Crassostrea gigas,...
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Vasa; RNAi; Marine bivalve; Germline; Crassostrea gigas.
Ano: 2009 URL: http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2009/publication-6641.pdf
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In Vivo RNA Interference of a Gonad-Specific Transforming Growth Factor-beta in the Pacific Oyster Crassostrea gigas ArchiMer
Huvet, Arnaud; Fleury, Elodie; Corporeau, Charlotte; Quillien, Virgile; Daniel, Jean-yves; Riviere, Guillaume; Boudry, Pierre; Fabioux, Caroline.
We investigated the role of oyster gonadal TGF beta (og-TGF beta) in the reproduction of Crassostrea gigas, using an in vivo RNA interference approach. We designed double-stranded RNA targeting og-TGF beta, which is specifically expressed in the somatic cells surrounding germ cells in the gonad of both male and female oysters. In vivo injection of this og-TGF beta dsRNA into the gonad led to knock-down phenotypes for both sexes, with significant reduction (77.52% relative to controls) of the gonad area, lowered reproductive effort and germ cell under-proliferation. Interestingly, half of the injected females halted their vitellogenesis, since we were only able to observe pre-vitellogenic oocytes. In addition, apoptotic germ cells and haemocytes infiltrated...
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Marine bivalve; Crassostrea gigas; Reproduction; RNA interference; Transforming growth factor-beta.
Ano: 2012 URL: http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00087/19794/17486.pdf
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Interaction between toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella exposure and disease associated with herpesvirus OsHV-1μVar in Pacific oyster spat Crassostrea gigas ArchiMer
Lassudrie, Malwenn; Soudant, Philippe; Nicolas, Jean-louis; Fabioux, Caroline; Lambert, Christophe; Miner, Philippe; Le Grand, Jacqueline; Petton, Bruno; Hegaret, Helene.
Blooms of toxic dinoflagellates can co-occur with mass mortality events associated with herpesvirus OsHV-1 μVar infection that have been decimating Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas spat and juveniles every summer since 2008 in France. This study investigated the possible effect of a harmful dinoflagellate, Alexandrium catenella, a producer of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins (PSTs), upon the oyster spat–herpesvirus interaction. Oyster spat from a hatchery were challenged by cohabitation with oysters contaminated in the field with OsHV-1 μVar and possibly other pathogens. Simultaneously, the oysters were exposed to cultured A. catenella. Infection with OsHV-1 μVar and PST accumulation were measured after 4 days of experimental exposure. Exposure to Alexandrium...
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Crassostrea gigas; OsHV-1 mu Var; Harmful algal blooms; Alexandrium; Host-pathogen interaction; PST accumulation.
Ano: 2015 URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00269/38000/36101.pdf
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